Sunday, February 24, 2013

Dr. GARIGIPATI RUDRAYYA CHOWDARY



వుండవిల్లి సత్యనారాయణ మూర్తి కళాశాల
రూపశిల్పి,ప్రముఖ విద్యావేత్త
డాక్టర్ గరిగిపాటి రుద్రయ్య చౌదరి


మహామనీషి, ఆదర్శ అధ్యాపకుడు, చరిత్ర పరిశోధకులు,

నిత్య సత్యాన్వేషి, అభ్యుదయవాది, విద్యావేత్త,

పరిపాలనా దక్షుడు,

అన్నింటికీ మించిన

మానవతా వాది.....



An Epitome Excellence Fair pledges of a fruitful tree
Why do ye fall so fast
Your date is not so past
But you may stay yet here a while
To blush and gently smile
And go at last

An epoch has come to an end. The mentor of many a scholar has left this earthly abode to be the guiding star of all from above.

Beacons from the abode where the eternal are... ... .(Shelley)

The soul of Adonis, like a star;
Dr. Garigipati Rudrayya Choudary, fondly remembered as GRC is no more. But, i feel his spirit pervades every nook and corner of this institution manifest through the magnificent precinct which was his `Dream-Child'. Let us hope his spirit will protect, Hence-forth, this `Temple of Learning' as a guardian Angel. We mourn his untimely demise and our grief will make sense only if we recall and place on record the services of Dr. GRC to the cause of education in general and his inestimable contribution to our college in particular. He was an ardent admirer and fervent follower of our Founder President, late Sri Vundavilli Satyanarayana Murty garu. By virtue of his diligence and dedication Dr. GRC proved his credentials worthy to be nominated by his mentor as the Regent -Par-excellence, and in no time he accomplished the task assigned to him in flying colors. It is undeniable that he exercised absolute power in the administration, organization and governance of this splendid institution though officially designated as Vice Principal. But he crowned our college with laurels from all over the State. He was profoundly serious in the discharge of his duties and was inspired by the noblest ideals of education.

Dr. Rudrayya Choudary was an enlightened academician who conceived several innovative schemes for the benefit of the students. Thousands of well-placed officers, doctors and engineers who were once the alumni of this institution still cherish their gratitude for him. A benefactor supreme by generosity, he shaped the destinies of many of us. He instilled discipline in the students, infused a sense of dedication in us, and cultivated the noblest traditions of this institution. Despite his indifferent health he strived tirelessly for excellence in academics, Like the preacher in "The Deserted Village" of Goldsmith:

Though round its (his) breast the rolling clouds bare spread Eternal Sun-shine settees on its (his) head.

Though hunted by the lurking death for over a decade Dr. GRC cheerfully endeavored to nurse this `off-spring' of Sri Munsiff garu fondly, and dreamt profusely of its future glory.

Dr. GRC was an able administrator and efficient organizer. Like a bee that draws honey from the flowers without hurting them, Dr.Choudary spotted and tapped the talent of the students and staff for the grandeur and glory of our college. During his regency, this college bloomed in full splendor discipline reigned, dedication fructified, academic results boomed, the campus reverberated with music-song-drama, and the mood of the public was full of praise for the architect of this Marvel.

"Reading make a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man" , Dr. GRC read deeply, conferred much and wrote in varied degrees of industry. His personal library testifies to his extensive erudition. His visit to the USSR and his stay in the USA broadened his vision of the world, and the publication of his Doctoral thesis on Prakasam stood him as a scholar of rare insight. Alexander Pooe paid a rich tribute to John Gay; of manners gentle, of affection mild
in art a man, simplicity - a child.

Dr.Choudary richly deserves the same compliment.

As a teacher of exceptional virtue he used to resurrect dead History by his unique method of telescoping the past into the present for the purpose of comparative study and analysis. For him, the study of History was not a stale exercise in academics but a lesson of human triumph and tragedy with all the follies and foibles. He was a visionary and a dreamer. The master-pieces of master-spirits were his darlings. A glance at the verdant gardens, adorning statues, inspiring inscriptions, imposing missionary and the spectacular open-air-theatre compel us to salute this man of many parts for his wonderful vision and fine taste.

Dr. Rudrayya Choudary was instrumental in the establishment of several educational institutions like : GV&KBM School, Ramachandrapuram Mahila Kalasala, Dr. Garigipati Rudrayya Choudary Junior college for Women and was a source behind a host of other educational institutions run by his votaries. No wonder, he was aptly chosen by the Government of Andhra Pradesh for the Best Teacher Award.

He adored several prestigious positions; he was the General Secretary of the A.P. History Congress, Secretary of A.P. Peace Council, Zonal Chairman of Lions Club, President of the East Godavari District Progressive Writers Association, District President of ISCUS, President of the District Basket Ball Association, and a member of the District Sports Council. H e was the promoter of Ramachandrapuram Film Society, Lions Kalyana Mandapam, Dr.Chelikani Ramarao Memorial Hall and many more. What better homage can suffice to honor the memory of Dr. Rudrayya Choudary than to recall in Shakespeare's words;

His life was gentle; and the elements

so mixed in him that Nature might stand up

And say to all the world

`This was a Man'


- M.V. KRISHNAIAH

Lecturer in English


Source : VSM College Magazine, 1994-95


డాక్టర్ గరిగిపాటి రుద్రయ్య చౌదరి
తల్లి దండ్రులు : వెంకన్న - వెంకట సుబ్బాయమ్మ
ఆరుగురు సంతానంలో డాక్టర్ చౌదరి మూడవ వారు.
కుమారులలో రెండవ వారు.
జననం :15-12-1934
హైస్చూలు విద్య: రామచంద్రపురం లోని ‘బోర్డ్ నేషనల్ హైస్కూల్
కాకినాడలో ‘కుంటి మాస్టారుగా ప్రసిద్ధులైన దువ్వూరి శేషగిరిరావు గారి వద్ద మెట్రిక్ చదువు (1950 సం.)
ఇంటర్ :కాకినాడ పి.ఆర్ కాలేజిలో (1950-52సం.)
బి.ఎ(ఆనర్స్) :విశాఖపట్నం ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో (1952-55)
ఉద్యోగాలు :1955 నుండి కొన్ని మాసాలపాటు భీమవరం డబ్లు.జి.బి కాలేజి లో హిస్టరి ట్యూటర్ గా...
1956 జనవరి లో రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వ సర్వీసులో - సోషల్ ఎడ్యుకేషన్ ఆర్గనైసర్ గా ప్రవేశం...
విశాఖ జిల్లా రోలుగుంట, భీమునిపట్నం, తూర్పు గోదావరి జిల్లా రాయవరంలో .1962 వరకూ అదే ఉద్యోగం లో...
పరిశొధకులుగా 1962 నుండి1966 జులై వరకూ - ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం లో యు.జి.సి ఫెలోగా...‘టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం- ఎ పొలిటికల్ స్టడీ‘ అన్న అంశంపై పరిశోధన..
1966 ఏప్రియల్ లో ‘ధీసిస్‘ సమర్పణ..
1968 లో ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం పిహెచ్.డి ప్రదానం..
1966 జులై నుండి రామచంద్రపురం వి.ఎస్.ఎం కాలేజి లో అధ్యాపకులుగా..
1971 లో ...‘టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం- ఎ పొలిటికల్ స్టడీ‘ ధీసీస్ ను ‘ఓరియంట్ లాంగ్ మెన్స్ ‘ వారు గ్రంధ రూపంగా ప్రచురణ.
కళాశాల అధ్యాపకులుగా: 1969 నుండి 1979 అక్టోబర్ వరకూ రామచంద్రపురం వి.ఎస్.ఎం కాలేజి లో వైస్- ప్రిన్స్ పల్ గా బాధ్యతలు.
1974 నుండి పదవీవిరమణ వరకూ వి.ఎస్.ఎం కాలేజి లో హిస్టరి (పి.జి)డిపార్ట్ మెంట్ హెడ్ గా..రీడర్ గా బాధ్యతల నిర్వహణ.
(ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం అనుబంధ కళాశాలలలో ‘రీడర్‘ పదవి డా. చౌదరిగారి తోనే ప్రప్రధమంగా ప్రారంభం)
(ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం అనుబంధ కళాశాలల నుండి ‘రీసర్చ్ గైడ్ ‘గా బాధ్యతలు నిర్వహించిన వారిలో డా. చౌదరిగారు ప్రప్రధములు.
డా. చౌదరిగారి పర్యవేక్షణలో పరిశోధన గావించిన శ్రీమతి ఎ.జయ అన్నపూర్ణ 1991 లో పిహెచ్.డి డిగ్రీని ఆంధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయం నుండి అందుకున్నారు.
‘రోల్ ఆఫ్ గాంధియన్ ఆశ్రమాస్ విత్ స్పెషల్ రిఫరెన్స్ టు సీతానగరం ఇన్ ఫ్రీడం మోవ్ మెంట్‘ అనే అంశంపై శ్రీమతి ఎ.జయ అన్నపూర్ణ పరిశోధనా వ్యాసాన్ని సమర్పించారు.
గ్రంధ సంపాదకులుగా :తెలుగు అకాడమీ ప్రచురించిన
‘ఆంధ్రుల చరిత్ర‘ - బి.ఎ విద్యార్ధులకు
“ చరిత్ర రచనా శాస్త్రం‘ - ఎం.ఏ విద్యార్ధులకు
‘ఇంకా..‘గుంటూరు జిల్లా, ఆంధ్రలో రైతు ఉద్యమాలు, విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యం, ఆఫ్రికా దేశాల చరిత్ర, వంటి పలు గ్రంధాలకు సంపాదకులుగా ఉన్నారు.
‘ద్రవిడియన్ ఎన్ సైక్లోపిడియ‘(కేరళ), సాహితి వాల్లభ్యం(తణుకు నరేంద్ర సాహిత్య మండలి), తెలుగు వాణి, జర్నల్ ఆఫ్ హిస్టారికల్ రిసర్చ్ సొసైటీ, వంటి ప్రముఖ సంచికల్లో వ్యాసాలు
వ్రాశారు.
విద్యావేత్తగా.... :ఆంధ్ర యూనివర్శిటి బోర్డ్ ఆఫ్ స్టడీస్ మెంబర్ గా, ఉస్మానియా, శ్రీ వెంకటేశ్వర విశ్వవిద్యాలయాలలో డిగ్రీ. పి.జి పరీక్షల క్వశ్శన్ పేపర్స్ సెట్టర్ గా, బోర్డ్ ఆఫ్ స్టడీస్ సభ్యులుగా ...
ఇంటర్ మీడియట్ లో వృత్తి విద్యా కోర్సుల స్కీం, సిలబస్ లను భవనం వెంకటరాం విద్యాశాఖ మంత్రిగా ఉండగా 1978 లో రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వానికి సమర్పించి, అమలుకై కృషి చేశారు.
ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ స్టేట్ ఆర్చీవ్స్ సలహా మండలి సభ్యులుగా..
ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ హిస్టరీ కాంగ్రెస్ కార్యదర్శిగా 1976 నుండి1981 వరకూ బాధ్యతలు నిర్వహించారు.
1976 డిసెంబరులో రామచంద్రపురం వి.ఎస్.ఎం కాలేజి లో ఎ.పి హిస్టరీ కాంగ్రెస్ సభలు నిర్వహించారు.
అమెరికా లోని ‘జార్జియా స్టేట్ యూనివర్సిటి(అట్లాంట)లో ‘కాంటెంపరరీ అమెరికన్ హిస్టరి‘ అనే కోర్స్ చేశారు.
``Change in role of women in U,S during the last decate of 19th. century as seen through New Yark Times``అనే అంశం పై పరిశోధనా వ్యాసాన్ని సమర్పించారు.
బి.ఎస్.ఆర్.బి పానెల్ సభ్యులుగా రీజనల్ సెలక్షన్ కమిటిలో ఉన్నారు.
హంగేరి లోని బుడాపేస్ట్ లో జరిగిన ‘ `World conference on economic development``
పాల్గొన్నారు.
సోవియట్ యూనియన్ (మాస్కో) లెనిన్ గ్రాడ్, కేవ్, ధాష్కండ్, రోమ్, యు.ఎస్.ఏ, కెనడా, మెక్సికో లను సందర్శించారు.
ఢిల్లీ లో జరిగిన ``World conference on Afro-Asian solidarity సభలకు హాజరయ్యారు.

A.P. State Peace council, A.P.State ISCUS సెక్రటరి భాద్యతలు నిర్వహించారు.
E.G.Dt. ISCUS అద్యక్షులుగా ఉన్నారు.

తూర్పు గోదావరి జిల్లా స్పోర్ట్స్ కౌన్సిల్ సభ్యులు.
జిల్లా వాలిబాల్ అసోసియేషన్, బాస్కెట్ బాల్ అసోసియేషన్ అద్యక్షులుగా ఉన్నారు.
జిల్లా, రాష్ట్ర స్థాయిలలో బాస్కెట్ బాల్, టెన్నిస్, బాల్ బాట్మెంటన్, షటిల్ శిక్షణా శిబిరాలను, పోటీలను, రామచంద్రపురంలో నిర్వహించారు.
ఇస్కస్, పీస్ కౌన్సిల్, జిల్లా రాష్ట్ర స్థాయిల్లో సమావేశాలు, రచయితల మహాసభలు, రామచంద్రపురం లయన్స్ క్లబ్ చార్టర్ మెంబరుగా లయన్స్ రీజనల్ కాన్ఫరెన్స్ వంటి పెక్కు కార్యక్రమాలు జయప్రదంగా నిర్వహించారు.




                                                               kkkotha@yahoo.com

18వ వర్ధంతి










































DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT F D I



I am most honoured and grateful to be asked to deliver the Eighteenth Rudraiah Chowdary Memorial Lecture. I did not have the privilege of knowing the distinguished educationist personally, but have heard highly of his missionary zeal and contribution to the development of education in Ramachandrapuram. This is a town I happened to live in for over a year and have very fond memories of. Two decades ago I studied two villages of this region operating from here and this formed the basis of my subsequent training in economics.

When, in 1991, India ushered in major macroeconomic reforms under the leadership of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, many hopes were raised about foreign capital flows into India. Expectations were particularly high about foreign direct investment (FDI) in transforming the economy and placing it on a significantly elevated growth path. The optimism has been informed by the economic success stories of other Asian nations, notably China. What has been India’s experience with FDI? What are the prospects on this count, given the deepening global economic crisis today? How crucial, in fact, is FDI for India’s long-term development? I address these questions today mainly with a view to promoting public discourse on the issue. Major issues of public policy should form part of collective consciousness of all educated Indians and cannot be left to ‘experts’ alone. In the interest of consistency and perspective, I propose to approach the problem through raising a set of connected questions.

What is FDI?

Apart from foreign aid through bilateral agreements between governments or concessional loans from multilateral institutions (e.g. the World Bank and the IMF) and banking capital, private foreign capital flows take two major forms. The first refers to short term capital flows into Indian capital markets. These are purely financial investments in India held by foreign institutions such as pension and provident funds, hedge funds and so on in search of higher returns than are available elsewhere in the world. These are known as foreign institutional investments (FII). Such funds can be withdrawn from India anytime depending on investor perceptions of returns and safety of funds parked in India. FII capital can have no long term impact on real economic activity of production and employment in the Indian economy. In contrast, foreign direct investment (FDI) is long term capital aimed at creation of production facilities in India. Consider, for example, a Korean firm setting up facilities for production of cars in India. This would mean incomes and jobs for Indians.





What are the effects of FDI?

As long term investments in India, FDI supplements home investment financed by domestic savings, thus helping economic growth in the host economy. In addition, FDI is welcomed because of the possibility of transfer of new technologies into India which can then be diffused among domestic firms to their advantage. Finally, FDI is believed to improve the country’s export performance and therefore foreign exchange earnings.

What are the factors attracting FDI?

Studies have shown that two major factors serve to attract FDI into any country, including India: First, the rate of growth of the economy, and second, the level of foreign exchange reserves. The first ensures that the size of the market is increasing. This would increase the volume and rate of profits for foreign firms operating in India. The second factor would assure the foreign firms that repatriation of profits to their parent firms abroad presents no difficulty. Further, adequate foreign exchange resources means that imports of critical items are not affected.

What are the factors discouraging FDI?

Again, studies conducted by the Reserve Bank of India point to two negative factors discouraging FDI into India. A high rate of inflation and high levels of public debt seem to work against FDI flows. Inflation implies reduced real rate of return on investment, devaluation of local currency and a high degree of uncertainty of production decisions by foreign firms. High levels of public debt (which includes domestic as well as foreign debt) would reflect poorly on the financial solvency of the government and the economy. This would certainly unnerve foreign firms.

What has been India’s experience with FDI?

The simple conceptual framework we have outlined above helps us appreciate India’s actual experience with FDI. It is important to look at the broad trend of FDI into India. Notable increases in FDI flows into India occurred only after 1992, a period signifying a liberal foreign investment environment. In earlier decades, India adopted a cautious approach to foreign investment mainly because she did not want FDI to distort the investment priorities of planned economic development. Not surprisingly, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1974 had strict guidelines on the sectors in which FDI was allowed and on the extent of foreign participation. The UK and USA continue to dominate the flows, although the extent of their domination has been declining. There are methodological difficulties in estimating the magnitude of flows, such as valuation issues and stock comparisons, but despite them there is no doubt as to the spurt in FDI in recent years. What is more, the flows have risen even when India’s growth has declined and inflation is high as is the case now. We shall return to this issue later. Micro data on the specific industries and firms into which FDI has flown is even harder to come by. However, by and large there has been a reasonable spread across manufacturing industries and services (especially financial services) in recent years. To the extent it has gone into manufacturing industries, however, it has gone into buying up assets of financially vulnerable Indian companies rather than setting up new production facilities. And where FDI has led to setting up new production facilities, the impact in terms of employment has not been marked.

These trends are getting even more strengthened with the pressure for FDI into non-commodity producing sectors such as multi-brand retail, insurance and real estate. The fact that FDI flows into India have not declined despite the present slow down and high rates of inflation here – a fact referred to above – reflects the strong power of global finance in seeking outlets in ‘emerging’ economies in India in a situation when the global economy as a whole is in a state of decline. This also explains why interest rates in India have to generally kept up, even though such a policy is detrimental to domestic producers. There is no strong evidence either of significant technology transfer happening or of improved export performance of those sectors into which FDI is flowing.

The euphoria over FDI is largely misplaced because it glosses over the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in world production, exports and finance. The MNCs today are so structured today that they spread the manufacturing processes involved in making one product across several geographic locations in the world. This serves the purpose of taking advantage of raw materials and cheap labour of Third World countries while not yielding to them any tangible benefits of employment and technology. Besides, such vertical specialization in global production makes the MNCs immune to the domestic regulations of any single economy. In particular, the multinational banks which control the bulk of global finance have become the handmaiden of MNCs engaged in commodity production. With the help of transnational banks it becomes easy to liquidate durable assets and to switch operations from one country to another.

In India, FDI flows into manufacturing have not been able to prevent a recession in the manufacturing sector which, curiously, has been the focal point two decades of economic reforms. Now is the time for the country to take a critical view of its financial openness and to seriously consider domestic policies directed at mobilizing domestic capital dormant in pre-capitalist forms such as mercantile and usurious forms for productive purposes. India has never been capital-short as such. What is needed is a policy framework that encourages industrial capital and genuine entrepreneurship. FDI is neither unavoidable nor particularly desirable in the present age of MNCs and transnational banks. Overreliance on it will only make the Indian economy a gamble on global finance.

I invite everyone of you, especially the young students here, to reflect on your local and regional economies to understand the problem. Thank you.



Prof. G. Omkarnath

25/02/2013

Ramachandrapuram